近段時(shí)間以來(lái)，一些醫(yī)院接診兒童肺炎支原體感染病例增多。
Hospitals in parts of China are seeing a surge in infections of mycoplasma pneumoniae, a bacteria that commonly causes respiratory illnesses in young children.
兒童肺炎支原體感染有什么癥狀？疫情高峰到來(lái)了嗎？哪些患者可能發(fā)展為重癥？秋冬季如何做好預(yù)防？記者日前在解放軍總醫(yī)院第七醫(yī)學(xué)中心采訪兒科醫(yī)學(xué)部主任周輝霞和兒童呼吸內(nèi)科主任花少棟，對(duì)以上問(wèn)題進(jìn)行解讀。
解放軍總醫(yī)院第七醫(yī)學(xué)中心兒科醫(yī)學(xué)部主任周輝霞在手術(shù)中
1. 肺炎支原體感染有什么癥狀？
支原體肺炎以持續(xù)性、痙攣性咳嗽為特征，有時(shí)和百日咳引起的咳嗽類(lèi)似，可伴有發(fā)熱、呼吸困難和咳痰。
Typical symptoms of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection include persistent and spasmodic coughing that is sometimes similar to the coughing caused by pertussis (whooping cough). Fever, difficulty breathing, and coughing up of phlegm may also occur.
持續(xù)高熱是一個(gè)需要引起大家警惕的特征，可以說(shuō)是具有重癥傾向的危險(xiǎn)因素之一。
Persistent high fever, which is a risk factor for severe cases, is also something to be mindful of.
其他重癥的早期預(yù)警指標(biāo)還包括：治療后低氧血癥和呼吸困難難以緩解或進(jìn)展、存在哮喘和原發(fā)性免疫缺陷病等基礎(chǔ)疾病。
Other early warning signs for severe illnesses include persistent or worsening hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels) or difficulty breathing, as well as underlying diseases such as asthma and immunodeficiency diseases.
2. 肺炎支原體感染往年的流行情況如何？
肺炎支原體感染廣泛存在于世界各地，平時(shí)散發(fā)性發(fā)病，每隔3-7年出現(xiàn)一次地區(qū)流行，每次流行持續(xù)1-2年。
Mycoplasma pneumoniae circulate sporadically throughout the year, with regional epidemics recurring every three to seven years and each epidemic lasting for one to two years.
在社區(qū)、家庭內(nèi)或聚集人群中可以有流行感染，暴發(fā)則往往在學(xué)校、托幼機(jī)構(gòu)、夏令營(yíng)等封閉群體中。
It can circulate in communities, families or gatherings, and infection clusters often occur at schools, nursery care centers or summer camps.
解放軍總醫(yī)院第七醫(yī)學(xué)中心兒童呼吸內(nèi)科主任花少棟為兒童做檢查
我國(guó)肺炎支原體感染2015到2019年一直處于上升狀態(tài)，2019年是一個(gè)高峰，2020年明顯下降，可能與當(dāng)時(shí)的新冠疫情防控措施相關(guān)。
Domestic spread of the disease has been rising since 2015 and peaked in 2019. Due to virus control measures rolled out during the COVID-19 pandemic, infection numbers declined significantly in subsequent years until the latest outbreak emerged.
今年是肺炎支原體在新冠疫情放開(kāi)后的第一次流行。
The current wave of mycoplasma pneumoniae is the first to occur since COVID-19 containment measures were lifted.
3. 現(xiàn)在兒童肺炎支原體感染情況如何？是否已經(jīng)達(dá)到高峰？
從目前的醫(yī)院的收治情況來(lái)看，混合感染的多，耐藥的多，大葉性肺炎變多，整體來(lái)勢(shì)兇猛，同既往流行有明顯不同。預(yù)計(jì)未來(lái)一個(gè)月是高峰。
Compared to previous years, we have found more patients with mixed infections, drug resistance and lobar pneumonia. This wave is intense, and we expect to experience the peak of the outbreak throughout the next month.
4. 為何今年肺炎支原體感染較往年嚴(yán)重？
新冠疫情期間，大家一直采取戴口罩、勤洗手、保持社交距離等方式防疫，沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)接觸肺炎支原體，導(dǎo)致易感人群增加和群體免疫變差。
Implementation of COVID-19 control measures such as wearing masks, frequent hand-washing and maintaining social distance has led to limited exposure to the bacteria across the population. As a result, the number of susceptible individuals has increased and herd immunity has declined.
疫情放開(kāi)后，人們?cè)俅谓佑|肺炎支原體時(shí)就會(huì)出現(xiàn)免疫過(guò)激反應(yīng)，出現(xiàn)流行。
5. 肺炎支原體感染有哪些主要的治療藥物和手段？
根據(jù)國(guó)家衛(wèi)健委發(fā)布的《兒童肺炎支原體肺炎診療指南（2023年版）》，大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類(lèi)抗菌藥物是治療兒童肺炎支原體肺炎的首選抗菌藥物，包括阿奇霉素，克拉霉素，紅霉素，羅紅霉素，非達(dá)霉素和乙酰吉他霉素等。
解放軍總醫(yī)院第七醫(yī)學(xué)中心兒科醫(yī)學(xué)部主任周輝霞查房
根據(jù)今年肺炎支原體感染形勢(shì)和臨床特征，解放軍總醫(yī)院第七醫(yī)學(xué)中心除藥物治療外，還積極采用氣管鏡灌洗以及氣道廓清術(shù)，明顯加快患兒的恢復(fù)時(shí)間。
秋冬時(shí)節(jié)，如何預(yù)防呼吸道傳染疾??？
增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)和免疫力，如睡眠充足、營(yíng)養(yǎng)充分、鍛煉身體等；
Get adequate sleep, maintain a balanced diet and exercise regularly;
保持手部衛(wèi)生，提倡勤洗手，尤其是在咳嗽或打噴嚏后。就餐前或接觸污染環(huán)境后要洗手；
Wash hands frequently;
保證家庭和工作、生活場(chǎng)所環(huán)境清潔和良好通風(fēng)狀態(tài)，每天保證一定時(shí)間的開(kāi)窗通風(fēng)；
Make sure you have a clean, well-ventilated environment at home and at your workplace;
盡量減少與患病人群的接觸機(jī)會(huì)，在密閉場(chǎng)所、近距離接觸他人時(shí)按要求佩戴口罩；
Minimize contact with infected individuals and wear masks in enclosed areas;
保持良好的呼吸道衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣，咳嗽或打噴嚏時(shí)，用紙巾、毛巾等遮住口鼻，咳嗽或打噴嚏后洗手，盡量避免觸摸眼睛、鼻或口。
Cover your mouth and nose with tissues, towels or other materials when coughing or sneezing and wash hands afterwards.
